11 10 122 https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/a110d03da35b565be7c3fcf6f530b8a3.JPG 4064f549dbb62a9dcae24258299219bf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Romans Sack Jerusalem (~70 AD) Subject The topic of the resource Papal Processions Description An account of the resource The Romans sack Jerusalem, taken from the inside wall of the Arch of Titus in Rome, Italy. This reflects how Romans viewed Jews, and how they valued Jewish artifacts. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2/18/2007 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Sack of Jerusalem depicted on the inside wall of the Arch of Titus in Rome, Italy, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sack_of_jerusalem.JPG https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/a2c213b1c8ef6e66b3c39d7783991479.JPG 0443fcdcd9a013ba77325984b1020fce Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Remains of the Orsini Fortress Complex Subject The topic of the resource Papal Processions Description An account of the resource The remnants of the Orsini Fortress Complex, which once included a tower, a fortress made of the Pompey theater's ruins, an oven, a garden, and a house. Now it houses a restaurant and some apartments. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Teddy Wolfe (2020) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/31/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights held by creator https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/d1bd7fa26fdefba99c038154014b3976.png 88221ba069f6a44fe7237756a6320692 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pompey Theater (3D Model) Subject The topic of the resource Papal Processions Description An account of the resource A 3D recreation of what Pompey Theater would have looked like during Roman times. The building's ruins were transformed into Arpacata, an Orsini fortress. This site was where the Jews met with the Pope during the Papal Procession. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 9/30/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Lasha Tskhondia, 2012, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theatre_of_Pompey_3D_cut_out.png. Place A location with a street address or larger region. Examples include building, statue, piazza, fountain, port, neighborhood, paintings, sculptures, frescoes, floors. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Teddy Wolfe (2020) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context orsinifortress_2019 Title A name given to the resource Jews at the Orsini Fortress Description An account of the resource The position of Jews in 12th century Rome was complex, and nowhere is this more apparent than in their position in processions. Their role was to present the Pope with a set of laws for his ratification at what used to be known as the Arpacata, an Orsini family fortress, and what is now known as the Palazzo Pio Righetti in Campo di Fiore. The Pope would then reject them, grabbing a Torah from the Jewish leaders and ceremonially dropping it on the ground. This was part of a medieval agreement in which the Pope guaranteed Jews protection, but publicly presented them as vastly inferior to Christians. The Pope held this power and others over the Jews, maintaining a paternalistic relationship with them. The Church held that the Jews’ belief in the Old Testament signified the truth of Christianity, yet their suffering from the diaspora showed that God punished them for rejecting Christ. As such, the Church made sure that Christians got privileges that Jews didn’t. An example of this is how various Popes restricted the Jews’ ability to construct new synagogues, and allowed existing synagogues to claimed by Christian leaders if those leaders wanted to use the property for themselves. Yet, Jews also were granted various political rights, which were only occasionally enforced, like citizenship, protection from attacks on synagogues, and the right to not be tried during the Sabbath. As for the fortress itself, it was controlled mainly by the Orsini family during the 12th century, an incredibly powerful and wealthy family in Rome. Over the course of about a hundred years, they managed to buy up properties all around the area, accumulating a tower, oven, garden, and house nearby. The fortress was one of three they controlled throughout the city, built on top of the old ruins of the Roman Theatre of Pompey near the Campo di Fiore. It lasted for a long time, being passed down between the Pierleone, Savelli, Massimi, and Orsini families, but sadly was torn down sometime during the 20th century. Currently, Palazzo Pio stands where it would have been. Why this structure was chosen for the procession is not explicitly stated, but there is evidence many Jews lived nearby, plus the fortress and nearby Campo di Fiore were also important landmarks in the city. Additionally, it's important to note that this ceremony also took place at other fortresses over the years, including the aforementioned Castel di Sant’Angelo. This distinction makes it clear that the goal of this procession stop was to demonstrate the Pope’s control over the Jews, but it doesn’t answer why the Arpacata was chosen over other fortresses. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Blewitt, Octavian and John Murray. Handbook for Travellers in Central Italy [by O. Blewitt], 1853. Brentano, Robert. Rome before Avignon: A Social History of Thirteenth-Century Rome. New York City, NY: Basic Books, 1974) Gregorovius, Ferdinand. History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. G. Bell & Sons, 1906. Macadam, Alta and Annabel Barber. The Blue Guide to Rome. London, England: Blue Guides Limited, 2016. Partridge, Loren. The Art of the Renaissance in Rome (1400-1600). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 1996. Rist, Rebecca. Popes and Jews, 1095-1291. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2016. Stinger, Charles L. The Renaissance in Rome. Bloomington Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1998. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1198 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1100s Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Via del Biscione, 1, 00186 Roma RM Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1100s papal processions https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/1f1cf1a56fd062e3239643d33ed753b4.JPG b585213ad663e3c10fbd6c6a4f8d09f7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Added Statues on Ponte Sant’Angelo Subject The topic of the resource Papal Processions Description An account of the resource An example of a statue added during the Renaissance by the Popes on the Ponte Sant'Angelo. It was meant to embellish the space and demonstrate Papal power. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Teddy Wolfe (2020) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/1/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights held by creator. https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/3aee6e29f661f540e311fa5ff78d84ff.JPG caaa7de9cb4b038671f6ba6b679b23a6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hadrian's Inner Structure Subject The topic of the resource Papal Processions Description An account of the resource The inner tower that made up part of Hadrian's tomb, and was later modified to be the central part of the Castel Sant'Angelo. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Teddy Wolfe (2020) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/1/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights held by creator. https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/ff791a9cb1804054dc29e8a90327cc0a.JPG 16dbd8e045792ccd7ce19f093b57857e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Outer Walls of Castel Sant'Angelo Subject The topic of the resource Papal Processions Description An account of the resource The outer walls of the Castel Sant'Angelo. It was part of the structure's transformation from Hadrian's tomb into a fortress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Teddy Wolfe (2020) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/1/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights held by creator. https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/1bef655e3d668e01da7dea5a56629706.JPG 00b25a72f89de405416c4578a4a82b1e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Vatican Nearby Subject The topic of the resource Papal Processions Description An account of the resource The proximity of the Vatican to the Castel, and how close the Tiber is to the Vatican. This photo demonstrates how important the Fortress was for defending the Vatican from invasions down the Tiber. That said, during 1198, there would have been many more houses in the way. Fascists removed them. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Teddy Wolfe (2020) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/1/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights held by creator. Place A location with a street address or larger region. Examples include building, statue, piazza, fountain, port, neighborhood, paintings, sculptures, frescoes, floors. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Teddy Wolfe (2020) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context castelsantangelo_2019 Title A name given to the resource Castel Sant'Angelo Description An account of the resource The Castel Sant’Angelo was an important political landmark in medieval Rome. Whoever controlled it controlled the city. For instance, in the 10th century, the Crescentii used it as a garrison, which allowed them to seize and imprison two Popes-- John X and Benedict VI-- replacing them with men who would act more favorably towards them. Luckily for the Catholic Church, this plan eventually fell apart when the citizenry rose up and cleared out the space, angry about the new pope. In the aftermath, the church learned from its past mistakes and worked to claim the fortress as its own. This strategy was incredibly valuable in that St. Gregory VII was able to take refuge there in 1084 during a siege of Rome by Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. Gregory VII would not be the only one to use it as such, as the building became an important refuge for Popes, and its later role as a barracks helped defend Rome (and the Vatican) against enemy invaders. That said, the Castel San’Angelo didn’t always have this military importance. It began as Hadrian’s tomb, whose remnants help form the inner tower structure. The bridge over the Tiber, known as the Ponte Sant’Angelo, was also built by Hadrian. Those are some of the only original structures that remain, as the space was transformed into a fortress in the 5th century, so walls and other defensive elements had to be periodically added into the space. Additionally, when examining the Castel today, it’s important to note that many decorations were added during the Renaissance period to reflect Papal dominance, like statues of St. Peter and St. Paul on the Ponte Angelo. Thus, they should be disregarded when considering what the space would have looked like during early papal processions. Finally, the Castel also has an important religious history. During a plague in 590, there is a story that St. Gregory the Great led an emergency procession by the Castel, and upon arriving, witnessed the Archangel Michael appear over the structure, sheathing a sword and announcing the end of the disease. This event helped spur the Castel’s placement within many processions as a place where a miracle occurred. Thus, in summary, the Castel represented an important marker of the papacy’s physical and religious power with its ability to both loom over the city and provide miracles, which is why it played an important role in papal processions. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Brentano, Robert. Rome before Avignon: A Social History of Thirteenth-Century Rome. New York City, NY: Basic Books, 1974 Chandlery, Peter Joseph. Pilgrim-Walks in Rome: A Guide to the Holy Places in The City and Its Vicinity. America Press, 1908 Macadam, Alta and Annabel Barber. The Blue Guide to Rome. London, England: Blue Guides Limited, 2016. Partridge, Loren. The Art of the Renaissance in Rome (1400-1600). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 1996. Ring, Trudy. Noelle Watson, and Paul Schellinger. Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. London, England: Routledge, 2013. Stinger, Charles L. The Renaissance in Rome. Bloomington Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1998. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1198 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1100s Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Lungotevere Castello, 50, 00193 Roma RM Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1000s papal processions https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/ddd1b68b1ce6a38ec6550f61b6c1f0f8.jpg f0433de1f1e7c82585bca55ee4a91c41 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Piazza del Campidoglio Subject The topic of the resource Papal Processions Description An account of the resource View of Piazza del Campidoglio Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Finn Tierney (2020) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/4/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights held by creator Place A location with a street address or larger region. Examples include building, statue, piazza, fountain, port, neighborhood, paintings, sculptures, frescoes, floors. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Finn Tierney (2020) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context campidoglio_2019 Title A name given to the resource The Campidoglio Description An account of the resource The Campidoglio served multiple functions during its time as a processional landmark in medieval Rome. While it was the center of the medieval Roman government, the square and area around the Capitoline hill also held one of the cities major markets, making it an important financial center as well as a physical landmark. Due to this, the Capitoline was a hub for major medieval roads, such as the and thus a site for processions to pass through. The Capitoline is also home to Santa Maria in Aracoeli, which was a significant stop for processions celebrating the assumption holiday and holidays celebrating the Madonna. Whether this was one of the locations at which the newly crowned pope would address the people of the city is unclear, though it is apparent that it is a location at which large crowds would gather to watch the papal procession. When the market was relocated to Piazza Navona in 1477, Cardinal Sixtus IV converted the Campidoglio into a museum of Rome’s glory by emplacing historic statues. While no longer a place of public convergences, the campidoglio cultural significance maintained its status as a landmark for processions. Its location directly between the Vatican and the Lateran palace was also a key component of its importance to papal processions. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Perry, Rebekah. "6 On the Road to Emmaus: Tivoli’s “Inchinata” Procession and the Evolving Allegorical Landscape of the Late Medieval City." Brill (2011), 40. Bauman, Lisa Passaglia. The Rhetoric of Power: Della Rovere Palaces and Processional Routes in Late Fifteenth Century Rome. (New York, Italica Press, 2015), 73. Favro, Diane, and Christopher Johanson. "Death in Motion: Funeral Processions in the Roman Forum." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 69, no. 1 (2010): 12-37. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1477 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1400s Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Piazza del Campidoglio, 00186 Roma RM Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1400s papal processions https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/f3edee970fbae1e8a744e322f7d1e339.JPG cd8184f5bb39e1ed37eb0a117bba56a8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource View over the Forum Subject The topic of the resource Papal Processions Description An account of the resource View overlooking the Forum from the slopes of the Capitoline Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Finn Tierney (2020) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/30/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights held by creator Place A location with a street address or larger region. Examples include building, statue, piazza, fountain, port, neighborhood, paintings, sculptures, frescoes, floors. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Finn Tierney (2020) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context forum_2019 Title A name given to the resource The Forum Description An account of the resource Before the medieval period, the Forum was a popular stop on processions of all kinds, especially funerals. Emperors and popes would parade through the arches before reaching their final resting places. While heavily associated with a romanticized imperial Rome, the main attraction of the Forum to medieval papal procession as an important location was the open space that could more easily accommodate more significant amount of people. The streets of medieval Rome were tight, and ill-suited for hosting crowds. As liturgy developed over the medieval period, the pope found himself responsible for addressing the people of the city no less than six times during the procession, each at a location of liturgical or historical significance. In order to do so, the procession needed space for the masses to congregate, thus the Forum was used. Even before the medieval period, the Forum was not considered to be an ideal location for a processional stop, as basilicas and houses congested the entrances to the open space, limiting the visual aspect of the liturgy to the surrounding streets. Between the ninth and fourteenth century, the population of Tiber bend more than tripled, and processional routes began to favor the area. After the Popes’ return from Avignon in the fourteenth century, the church began to invest heavily in processional infrastructure in Tiber bend and near the Vatican, reconfiguring city spaces to open up wide, straight roads that allowed processions more spatial freedom. Rather than continuing to use the forum, Popes instead chose to address the people in the piazzas in front of major churches and other landmarks within these redesigned processional spaces. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Favro, Diane, and Christopher Johanson. "Death in Motion: Funeral Processions in the Roman Forum." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 69, no. 1 (2010): 12-37. Bauman, Lisa Passaglia. The Rhetoric of Power: Della Rovere Palaces and Processional Routes in Late Fifteenth Century Rome. (New York, Italica Press, 2015), 73. Carver, Catherine. As the Bells Toll: Parish Proximity in Medieval Rome. (Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK; Rochester, NY, USA: Boydell and Brewer, 2017), 196. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1199 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1100s Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Via della Salara Vecchia, Rome, Metropolitan City of Rome Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1300s papal processions https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/9f51ebaed6a0bfbdb09ee28452a4226e.png 2e497c74b66a782120764f5f55d7d089 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Modern Map of Our Walking Tour Subject The topic of the resource Papal Processions Description An account of the resource Our walking tour on a modern map of Rome Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Finn Tierney (2020) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/5/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Google Maps (map data by Google) https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/42e7b220ae7d6eb3844e4adc420fb8ab.png 1d03a25d3f1a7563bec8c57a6a4e65fb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Walking Tour Route Subject The topic of the resource Papal Processions Description An account of the resource A historic map of our walking tour route Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Finn Tierney (2020) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/5/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Antonio Tempesta, Plan of the City of Rome, 1645, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_of_the_City_of_Rome_MET_DP278701.jpg Event A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Finn Tierney (2020) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context medievalprocessionsintro_2019 Title A name given to the resource Medieval Processions: An Introduction Description An account of the resource Religious processions were common occurrences in medieval Rome. Romans took to the streets to celebrate religious holidays and feast days, baptisms, and funerals almost weekly. The largest and grandest of the processions occurred more rarely: the coronation processions for the new Pope. On these processions, the Pope would set off on a parade through the streets of Rome, stopping to address his subjects from places of significance around the city. The processions brought people of all classes together and united and highlighted the communities, the institutions, and the monuments which it passed through, which may have been separated by the physical barriers of the disabitato and the Tiber. The tradition of processions in medieval Rome led to specific developments in Catholic liturgy, as well as significant infrastructure projects that reshaped the street systems of the city. This 7 kilometer (3.4 mile) walking tour follows that processional route of the coronation of Pope Innocent III, beginning at the steps of Saint Peter’s in the Vatican, and ending at Saint John the Lateran; the two religious brackets containing Catholic Rome. The stops that are elaborated upon are considered to be among the most significant, both in terms of liturgy of processions, and in terms of impact on the people and neighborhoods of Rome. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1198 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1300s Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Piazza San Pietro, 00120 Città del Vaticano, Vatican City Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1200s papal processions https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/f8283943a931da296ab433364b499c78.jpg 97c4b956d5c0e50c67c7dc91c260a1ed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Clemente Exterior Subject The topic of the resource Papal Processions Description An account of the resource The Exterior of San Clemente Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sophia Myers (2021) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/31/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights held by creator https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/bd2c972143c261f2ff3af99d8699c6a8.jpg b9b26784b14c9eaa82c95f83f1f2ad7d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource San Clemente Fresco Subject The topic of the resource Papal Processions Description An account of the resource Transfer of body (of Saint Clement or of Saint Cyril) from the Vatican to the Basilica di San Clemente, Rome (11th-century fresco) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sophia Myers (2021) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/25/2007 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Anonymous artist, 11th century, San Clemente Basilica, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:San_clemente_fresco.jpg. Place A location with a street address or larger region. Examples include building, statue, piazza, fountain, port, neighborhood, paintings, sculptures, frescoes, floors. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sophia Myers (2021) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context sanclemente_2019 Title A name given to the resource San Clemente Description An account of the resource The coronation procession followed a pattern: beginning in the Vatican for the consecration and the papal area to cross the river and go to city, to the archeological zone, and then to the churches. Among others, Pope Innocent III’s coronation procession route stopped at San Clemente. But the basilica was not uncommon to be used as part of a processional route. Inside the church, underneath the present 12th century basilica in the older, underground church, you can see one of the other processions recorded in the church artwork by an eleventh century painter. The fresco, done by an unknown artist, is of the procession San Clemente’s translation to the Basilica of San Clemente in the 9th century. San Cyril leads the procession of people: behind him is a crowd of people, incense hung in thuribles, and the body of San Clemente is carried on a gilt bed and covered rich fabrics. Behind them are people carrying crosses and red banners, similar to what would have been seen later during the Papal coronation of Innocent the third. At five stations along the church route, the new Pope would scatter coins into the crowd, and they would continue on to the final stop of the procession, the Lateran. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Brentano, Robert. Rome Before Avignon. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990. 60-62. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1250 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1200s Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Via Labicana, 95, 00184 Roma RM Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 800s papal processions https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/e7f25c95d990c27a739d64547fcaf132.jpg 58e58076e5c0d3ffd61c9ac00341520d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource St Peter's Dome Subject The topic of the resource Papal Processions Description An account of the resource The exterior dome of St. Peter's as seen at night Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sophia Myers (2021) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/31/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights held by creator. https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/874494fc8fd6dea61f6a49303a2ed82b.jpg b165c78c624524a5cf517a54ff9fdeac Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource St. Peter's Square Subject The topic of the resource Papal Processions Description An account of the resource St. Peter's Piazza as seen in the afternoon Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sophia Myers (2021) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/31/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights held by creator Place A location with a street address or larger region. Examples include building, statue, piazza, fountain, port, neighborhood, paintings, sculptures, frescoes, floors. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sophia Myers (2021) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context vatican_2019 Title A name given to the resource The Vatican Description An account of the resource Following the coronation procession route of Pope Innocent III at the very end of the 12th century, the Vatican would have been the beginning. Papal coronations were used to represent their authority and power over secular rule, and there is no better place to start a procession, especially a Papal coronation, than at the Vatican. The Vatican cemented its importance in many ways, but for this procession it was important for the Vatican kept the most precious relics, the greatest apostles, and beautiful icons, in St. Peter’s Basilica. There was no holier a place in Rome than St. Peter’s, and there was no seat of higher power than the Vatican around it. The Vatican was the location of the Pope’s coronation by three cardinal bishops, and after his consecration, the procession would begin leaving the Vatican to move through the city, from one side to the other. Dressed in formal wear, the Pope would join the procession wearing both the episcopal miter and the royal crown, a combination of the religious and political power that he had been bestowed. The procession was divided into seventeen parts, with lower level clergy, horses, and flag bearers in the front. There would have been a parade of animals, brightly red banners with cherubim, and the sub deacons carrying the crosses. Behind them would be officials, like scribes, lawyers, judges, singers, all the way to the back where high-ranking priests, cardinals, and bishops would follow. The seventeenth layer of the procession was the newly crowned Pope. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived McCahill, Elizabeth. "Acting as the One True Pope: Eugenius IV and Papal Ceremonial." In Reviving the Eternal City, 137-67. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: Harvard University Press, 2013. http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.carleton.edu/stable/j.ctt6wppgv.11. Brentano, Robert. Rome Before Avignon. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990. 60-61. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1198 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1200s Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Piazza San Pietro, 00120 Città del Vaticano, Vatican City Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1100s papal processions https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/42af5d6a2bc3c209fa9f24bb96733a30.png f93b43904f0f4237a07f5a4a31a12769 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Antonio Tempesta's Map of Rome, 1593 Subject The topic of the resource Disabitato Description An account of the resource This map from the late 16th century shows a road, closely following the Salito del Grillo's route, winding past the three towers on the way to the Colosseum. Relevant street highlighted in red. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Antonio Tempesta Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Antonio Tempesta, Plan of the City of Rome, 1593, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_of_the_City_of_Rome_MET_DP278701.jpg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1593 https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/a487c6a793216ecb4c34d02741f96c9e.png 28d29b91a39fde21665178d596469ad7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Arch of the Torre del Grillo Subject The topic of the resource Disabitato Description An account of the resource Viewed from the north, this arch is visible in Tempesta's map of Rome and is the best evidence we have that the Salito del Grillo is a preserved medieval road. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nicholas Ford (2021) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/1/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights held by creator https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/e4247abcebe45fe2536536ef104e4334.png 5adb090b48e0b464337e8699554a1064 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tor de' Conti Subject The topic of the resource Disabitato Description An account of the resource Viewed from the south, this tower would have been layered like the Torre delle Milizie. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nicholas Ford (2021) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/1/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights held by creator https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/70c85a5e186505c6b1660fb299dd6a72.png 9e2c8525384a8b7d06d905cd23765a12 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Torre del Grillo Subject The topic of the resource Disabitato Description An account of the resource Viewed from the north, wedged next to the Baroque Palazzo del Grillo. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nicholas Ford (2021) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/1/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights held by creator. https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/8024a5874834773a541ace58c3b13856.png ab133c7fcb47c5792ec3d4496ff387ed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Torre delle Milizie Subject The topic of the resource Disabitato Description An account of the resource Viewed from the top of Trajan's Market, partially obscured by houses that would have belonged to the Annibaldi. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nicholas Ford (2021) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/1/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights held by creator. Place A location with a street address or larger region. Examples include building, statue, piazza, fountain, port, neighborhood, paintings, sculptures, frescoes, floors. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nicholas Ford (2021) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context salitodelgrillo_2019 Title A name given to the resource The Salito del Grillo/Via de’ Conti: Fortifying the Arteries of the Disabitato Description An account of the resource This rather small road, running adjacent to the Via dei Fori Imperiali linking the Capitoline and the Colosseum, is a must-see for those interested in the barons’ skirmishes that broke out periodically throughout Rome’s late medieval history. Three very well-preserved towers from the 12th-14th centuries overlook the road, which likely follows the same route as a medieval predecessor. If the visitor starts walking from the north, he or she will first come across the enormous Torre delle Milizie crowning the Markets of Trajan. While the present tower was constructed in the early 13th century, it replaced an older fortification, perhaps Byzantine, which the Frangipane had held since 1179. In 1250, however, it was taken by the Annibaldi, just ten years after they had taken half of the Colosseum from the Frangipane. The Torre delle Milizie, then, gives the visitor a sense that they are walking down a key thoroughfare linking the Colosseum to the abitato, one that the family controlling the Colosseum would want fortified. While the visitor can get a decent look of the Torre from the street, he or she is encouraged to go into the Markets of Trajan to get a better look at the complex. Heading further down the street, the visitor will walk under the arch of the Tor del Grillo. While this tower is much more poorly documented than the other two on this tour, it is an important site because its arch confirms that this road would have existed in the medieval period. While today, it looks as if the arch may belong to the 17th century Palazzo del Grillo encircling the Torre, it is visible in Antonio Tempesta’s 1593 map of Rome. The arch, then, was likely attached to the medieval tower, dating from the 13th century. As such, we can rather confidently assume that the Salito del Grillo would have been lain at some point in the Middle Ages. The road ends at the Tor de’ Conti. Notably, only the base of the Tor de’ Conti remains today; the upper layers fell down after an earthquake in the 14th century. Unlike the other two towers, the Torre touts a walled housing complex with a small garden. Built in the late 12th century by Innocent III, a Conti, the tower played a role in a small war that broke out between the Conti and the Capocci in 1202. While the Tor de’ Conti is never mentioned by name in the narrative of the battle in the Gesta Innocentii III, the fighting seems to have been localized to the area around the Torre. Moreover, the narrative reveals that towers were central to this war; clans quickly build towers over enemy towers, come up with schemes to take strategically important towers when makeshift siege engines fail, and rain stones down onto their enemies. Considering how important towers were to this battle, the visitor can imagine how helpful the Tor de’ Conti would have been to its masters, a massive, impregnable tower overlooking a crucial suburban road. However, it should be noted that while the Gesta Innocentii rather dramatizes the conflict, these battles would have been rather small in scale and confined to the tiny area around the Salito del Grillo. As such, the visitor should bear in mind that as helpful as these towers were in combat, this does not necessarily mean that they “controlled” roads. Indeed, they may have functioned more as status symbols than practical defense systems; more research is needed before we can truly understand how closely the towers would have affected those who travelled the highways of the disabitato. Yet, as the modern traveler will quickly notice, their presence along the road is at once awesome and intimidating, and whether or not they actually commanded the street, they certainly dominated the attentions of those travelling between the suburbs and the abitato. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Brentano, Robert. Rome Before Avignon: A Social History of Thirteenth Century Rome. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974. Krautheimer, Richard. Rome: Profile of a City, 312-1308. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. The Deeds of Pope Innocent III. Translated by James M. Powell. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2004. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1202 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1200s Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Piazza del Grillo, 5, 00184 Roma RM Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1200s uninhabited rome https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/b2d3356d0a0880a08d94e7260394432e.png e72f2c71b6d4bf7ca955dd3b7e8a5294 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Desabitato Subject The topic of the resource Disabitato Description An account of the resource The green portion of the above map shows the disabitato superimposed over a contemporary map of Rome. Visible in the map are three of the inhabited enclaves within the disabitato that surrounded important churches. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource William Powers (2020) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/3/2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Google Maps https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/696524b7b9d6e64a1984992e8fe47682.jpg 61f2d93a3fdfa2f68251bf92cd03b9d6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Tomb of Annia Regilla Subject The topic of the resource Disabitato Description An account of the resource The above image shows the Tomb of Annia Regilla in the present. Visible in this image is an adjacent farmhouse, and the foundation of the structure, once used to hold livestock as testified in a medieval engraving, but now partially buried. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource William Powers (2020) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 7/10/2016 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Rights held by creator Event A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource William Powers (2020) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context disabitatodevelopment_2019 Title A name given to the resource Development of the Disabitato Description An account of the resource Within the disabitato, antique temples, baths, villas, and shops took on new uses as the environment around them changed. At the beginning of our tour, in Parco degli Caffarella, the changes to these structures have been preserved into the present. Just outside the Aurelian Walls, between the Via Appia and the Via Latina lies the Caffarella, a rural valley home to funerary monuments and villas in antiquity. The first site is of the Tomb of Annia Regilla, followed by Constantine’s Columbarium. Both structures, set against the rural and wild lands of the Caffarella, evoke the feelings of the disabitato. More importantly, both sites’ purpose shifted from that of a funerary site to an agricultural site during the middle ages. The Tomb of Annia Regilla, built in the 2nd century, was used as a barn and linked to a nearby farmhouse and tower by the 18th century. Nearby, the Columbarium of Constantine was adapted in the medieval period into a mill. A channel of water was redirected through the floor of the building, turning a millstone. One of the primary reasons that the population center of Rome shifted to the Tiber bend was the gradual breaking-down of the Roman aqueduct system. Without a reliable flow of water, family mills had to move to the river Tiber to function, or were built along newly formed streams, as is the case with the Columbarium of Constantine. As in the Caffarella, abandoned structures from antiquity became useful for new purposes as demographics and waterways changed. While pagan sites were converted for rural use in the disabitato, churches from antiquity were generally maintained, and came to be the centers of the disabitato’s new settlements. The Tiber Bend had the advantage of easy access to the river which allowed for the transportation of goods, fishing, and the powering of mills. But many sites in the disabitato had the advantage of proximity to Rome’s great churches that saw many pilgrims. Santa Maria Maggiore was one such site of particular importance in what became the disabitato. Pope Hadrian I renovated its monastery in 786 A.D. to ensure that a support staff would be available to care for the church. Under Benedict III’s papacy in the 9th century, the baptistery, which had fallen into disrepair, was given a new roof. “In this basilica the baptistery had remained roofless for a long time; with swift endeavor…[Benedict III] restored it and saw to its being brought to its ancient condition.” (Liber Pontificalis, 106:21). The baptistery would have been integral to maintaining a community around the church, as parishioners would baptize their children at a local church. Throughout the Middle Ages, roads to and from the Basilica were kept open, and Roman piping was maintained to keep the site functional by the eleventh century. Surrounding the Basilica, other churches received upkeep to form a cluster of settlement. A monastery was added to nearby Saint Andrew, and the attachment of a nunnery to nearby San Bibiana ensured that the church would remain in working condition. In another disabitato settlement, on the road to St. John Lateran, Quattro Coronati was rebuilt in 1116 with a new monastery to help repopulate the surrounding area. The revived road networks of the disabitato linked inhabited spaces together, making sites like that at S. Maria Maggiore hubs of activity. By keeping S. Maria Maggiore and surrounding churches open, more people were tempted to settle nearby. And with more people settling nearby, the churches around S. Maria Maggiore became wealthier as parishioners donated land to the church. While traditional homes in the disabitato were centered around monumental ruins and were heavily fortified, the church settlements like that around S. Maria Maggiore mirror the housing of the abitato. As new construction occurred surrounding churches of great importance, power thus became centered around the ancient churches of the disabitato. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Coates-Stevens, Robert. "Housing in Early Medieval Rome, 500-1000 AD", Papers of the British School at Rome, Vol. 64 (1996), pp. 239-259 trans. Davis, Raymond. The Lives o the Ninth-Century Popes (Liber Pontificalis). Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1995. De Vita, Oretta Zanin. Popes, Peasants, and Shepherds: Recipes and Lore from Rome and Lazio. University of California Press, 2013. Krautheimer, Richard. Rome: Profile of a City, 312-1308. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. Parco degli Caffarella Website: https://www.caffarella.it/il-parco/da-vedere/colombario/ The Tomb of Annia Regilla, Pamphlet Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 900 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 900s Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, Piazza di S. Maria Maggiore, 00100 Roma RM Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Not Applicable uninhabited rome https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/8215d15300a2850604e3e56125a12ba6.png 12616f3ef5a1369278a5eb55628aea8e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Mantua Canvas Subject The topic of the resource Disabitato Description An account of the resource The distinction between the green-belt of the disabitato and the occupied portions. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource View of Roma, ca. 1538, tempera on canvas, 66.5x91.75in (118x233cm). Palazzo Ducale, Mantua (artwork in the public domain; photograph provided by Scala/Miniestero per i Beni e le Attivita culturali/Art Resource, NY) https://omeka-dev.carleton.edu/cgmr/files/original/0d6693853e36255fe8e5497f06ceee40.png d054f01836dd71a2920dd4657cea91c3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Veduta di Campo Vaccino Subject The topic of the resource Disabitato Description An account of the resource Illustrated by Giovanni Battista Piranesi in 1772. A view of the Roman Forum during the Middle Ages. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Giovanni Battista Piranesi Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Giovanni Battista Piranesi, “Veduta di Campo Vaccino,” Views of Rome, plate 82, 18 x 27.75 inches, etching, 1772, https://smarthistory.org/forum-romanum-the-roman-forum/. Place A location with a street address or larger region. Examples include building, statue, piazza, fountain, port, neighborhood, paintings, sculptures, frescoes, floors. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Libby Paulson (2021) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context agricultureforum_2019 Title A name given to the resource Agriculture and Reuse in the Roman Forum Description An account of the resource Splitting Rome into the disabitato and the abitato makes it seem as if there is a heavy divide between the two parts of the city (inhabited versus uninhabited). The Mantua canvas, for example, clearly shows the distinction between the green-belt of the disabitato and the occupied portions. The landscape of the disabitato here is portrayed as a green wasteland, solely littered with ancient ruins and bits of antiquity; it barely shows anything else. However, despite what is portrayed in primary sources from the Middle Ages and modern academic articles, the disabitato was not entirely abandoned. The land surrounding the abitato was filled with lots of open, available space used as agricultural fields and farmsteads, vineyards, and uncultivated pastures. As shown in the Mantua canvas, it was also littered with ancient monuments and ruins – some of which were reused and altered to fit the needs of people in the Middle Ages instead of being forgotten entirely. One of the best sites to truly see this change in function is the Roman Forum, which was included in the disabitato. While the image below was done in 1772, it still shows an accurate depiction of what the forum would have looked like during the Middle Ages. Small houses surround the cultivated pasture in the middle, where vegetables, spices, and fruit trees are being grown. Furthermore, the amount of livestock grazing in the area rebranded the forum as the “Campo Vaccino,” or cow field. Antique columns and structures don’t have the same meaning as they did for the Romans; in fact, many are spoliated into new buildings and structures that have a new use for these farmers. The most important theme of the disabitato in regards to the Roman Forum is reuse for functionality. During antiquity, the Romans used the space for sacro-civic functions. The purpose changed to an agricultural one as the centuries did, but that doesn’t diminish the forum’s importance. This transformation clearly illustrates the relationship between the people’s needs, functionality, and urban change over time. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Becker, Jeffrey A.. “Forum Romanum (The Roman Forum).” khanacademy.org. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/beginners-guide-rome/a/forum-romanum-the-roman-forum. Cowdrey, H. E. J.. Pope Gregory VII, 1073-1085. Clarendon Press, 1998: 1-4. Gadeyne, Jan. Perspectives on Public Space in Rome, from Antiquity to the Present Day. Routledge, 2016. Krautheimer, Richard. Rome: Profile of a City, 312-1308. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. Lucentini, Mario. The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History’s Greatest City. Interlink Publishing (2012). Maier, Jessica. "Francesco Rosselli's Lost View of Rome: An Urban Icon and Its Progeny." The Art Bulletin 94, no. 3, (2012): 37-43. Sanzio, Raffaello. The Cambridge Companion to Raphael. Cambridge University Press (2005): 59-60. Waldheim, Charles. Landscape as Urbanism: A General Theory. Princeton University Press, 2016: 98. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1250 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1200s Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Via della Salara Vecchia, 5/6, 00186 Roma RM Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 1700s uninhabited rome